Chifukwa cha zinthu zochepa zovulaza monga phulusa, nayitrogeni, ndi sulfure mu biomass poyerekeza ndi mphamvu ya mchere, ili ndi mawonekedwe a malo osungiramo zinthu zambiri, mpweya wabwino, kuyaka mosavuta, komanso zinthu zosinthasintha kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, biomass ndi mafuta abwino kwambiri ndipo ndi oyenera kwambiri kusintha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuyaka. Phulusa lotsala pambuyo pa kuyaka biomass lili ndi michere yambiri yomwe zomera monga phosphorous, calcium, potaziyamu, ndi magnesium zimafunikira, kotero lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati feteleza kuti libwerere kumunda. Popeza pali zinthu zambiri zosungiramo zinthu komanso ubwino wapadera wokonzanso mphamvu ya biomass, pakadali pano imaonedwa ngati chisankho chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa mphamvu zatsopano zadziko lonse ndi mayiko padziko lonse lapansi. Bungwe la National Development and Reform Commission of China lanena momveka bwino mu "Pulani Yogwiritsira Ntchito Udzu Wonse wa Zomera Pakagwa Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu la 12" kuti kuchuluka kwa udzu kudzafika pa 75% pofika chaka cha 2013, ndipo kuyesetsa kupitirira 80% pofika chaka cha 2015.
Momwe mungasinthire mphamvu ya biomass kukhala mphamvu yapamwamba, yoyera, komanso yosavuta yakhala vuto lofunika kuthetsedwa mwachangu. Ukadaulo wowonjezera mphamvu ya biomass ndi njira imodzi yothandiza yowonjezerera mphamvu ya biomass komanso kupangitsa kuti mayendedwe aziyenda bwino. Pakadali pano, pali mitundu inayi yodziwika bwino ya zida zopangira zinthu zolimba m'misika yamkati ndi yakunja: makina opangira zinthu zozungulira, makina opangira zinthu zopopera piston, makina opangira zinthu zosalala, ndi makina opangira zinthu zozungulira. Pakati pawo, makina opangira zinthu zozungulira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha makhalidwe ake monga kusakhala ndi chifukwa chotenthetsera panthawi yogwira ntchito, zofunikira zambiri za chinyezi cha zinthu zopangira (10% mpaka 30%), kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa makina amodzi, kuchuluka kwa compression, komanso zotsatira zabwino zopangira. Komabe, mitundu iyi ya makina opangira zinthu zozungulira nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zovuta monga kusweka mosavuta kwa nkhungu, nthawi yochepa yogwirira ntchito, ndalama zambiri zosamalira, komanso kusintha kosasangalatsa. Poyankha zofooka zomwe zili pamwambapa za makina opangira zinthu zozungulira, wolembayo wapanga kapangidwe katsopano kosintha kapangidwe ka nkhungu, ndipo adapanga nkhungu yopangira zinthu yokhala ndi nthawi yayitali yogwirira ntchito, ndalama zochepa zosamalira, komanso kukonza kosavuta. Pakadali pano, nkhaniyi idachita kusanthula kwamakina kwa nkhungu yopangira panthawi yogwira ntchito.
1. Kapangidwe Kokonzanso Kapangidwe ka Chidebe Chopangira Mphete ya Chidebe Chopangira Mphete
1.1 Chiyambi cha Njira Yopangira Extrusion:Makina opangira ma ring die pellet amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: yoyima ndi yopingasa, kutengera malo a ring die; Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a mayendedwe, amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya mayendedwe: chosindikizira chogwira ntchito chokhala ndi chopukutira chokhazikika ndi chopukutira chogwira ntchito chokhala ndi chopukutira choyendetsedwa. Kapangidwe kabwino kameneka kamayang'ana kwambiri makina opangira ma ring mold okhala ndi chopukutira chogwira ntchito komanso chopukutira chokhazikika ngati mawonekedwe a mayendedwe. Makamaka amakhala ndi magawo awiri: njira yotumizira ndi njira yopangira ma ring mold. Chopukutira chozungulira ndi chopukutira chokakamiza ndi zigawo ziwiri zazikulu za makina opangira ma ring mold, okhala ndi mabowo ambiri opangira ma ring mold omwe amagawidwa mozungulira chopukutira chozungulira, ndipo chopukutira chokakamiza chimayikidwa mkati mwa chopukutira chozungulira. Chopukutira chokakamiza chimalumikizidwa ndi spindle yotumizira, ndipo chopukutira chozungulira chimayikidwa pa bulaketi yokhazikika. Chopukutira chikazungulira, chimayendetsa chopukutira chokakamiza kuti chizungulire. Mfundo yogwirira ntchito: Choyamba, njira yotumizira imanyamula zinthu zophwanyika za biomass kupita ku kukula kwa tinthu tina (3-5mm) kupita ku chipinda chopondereza. Kenako, injini imayendetsa shaft yayikulu kuti iyendetse pressure roller kuti izungulire, ndipo pressure roller imayenda mofulumira kwambiri kuti ifalikire mofanana pakati pa pressure roller ndi ring mold, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ring mold ikanikize ndi kukangana ndi zinthuzo, pressure roller ndi zinthuzo, ndi zinthuzo. Panthawi yokangana, cellulose ndi hemicellulose zomwe zili muzinthuzo zimalumikizana. Nthawi yomweyo, kutentha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha pressure friction kumafewetsa lignin kukhala binder yachilengedwe, yomwe imapangitsa cellulose, hemicellulose, ndi zinthu zina kukhala zolimba kwambiri. Ndi kudzaza kosalekeza kwa zinthu za biomass, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimakanikizidwa ndi kukangana m'mabowo opangira nkhungu kumapitirira kuwonjezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu yokangana pakati pa biomass imapitirira kuwonjezeka, ndipo imachulukirachulukira ndikupanga dzenje lopangira. Pamene kuthamanga kwa extrusion kuli kwakukulu kuposa mphamvu yokangana, biomass imatulutsidwa mosalekeza kuchokera m'mabowo opangira mozungulira ring mold, ndikupanga mafuta opangira biomass okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa molding kwa pafupifupi 1g/Cm3.
1.2 Kuwonongeka kwa Mapangidwe a Nkhungu:Makina opangidwa ndi makina amodzi okha ndi akuluakulu, okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zodzipangira okha komanso osinthasintha kwambiri ku zinthu zopangira. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pokonza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangira biomass, oyenera kupanga mafuta ambiri opangira biomass, komanso kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakukula kwa mafakitale opangira biomass mtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, makina opangidwa ndi ring mold amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa mchenga wochepa ndi zinthu zina zosafunika za biomass muzinthu zopangira biomass, ndizotheka kwambiri kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mphete ya makina opangidwa ndi pellet. Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mphete ya mphete imawerengedwa kutengera mphamvu yopangira. Pakadali pano, nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mphete ya mphete ku China ndi 100-1000t yokha.
Kulephera kwa chivundikiro cha mphete kumachitika makamaka m'zochitika zinayi zotsatirazi: ① Chivundikiro cha mphete chikagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, khoma lamkati la dzenje lopanga chivundikiro limawonongeka ndipo dzenjelo limawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta opangidwawo asinthe kwambiri; ② Malo otsetsereka odyetsera dzenje lopanga chivundikiro cha mphete amawonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimayikidwa mu dzenje lopanga chivundikirocho kuchepe, kuthamanga kwa extrusion kuchepe, komanso kutsekeka mosavuta kwa dzenje lopanga chivundikirocho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chivundikiro cha mphete chichepe (Chithunzi 2); ③ Pambuyo pa zipangizo zamkati za khoma ndi kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kutulutsa (Chithunzi 3);
④ Bowo lamkati la chikombole cha mphete litawonongeka, makulidwe a khoma pakati pa zidutswa za chikombole chapafupi L amakhala ochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya chikombole cha mphete ichepe. Ming'alu imapezeka mosavuta m'gawo loopsa kwambiri, ndipo pamene ming'alu ikupitirira kukula, vuto la kusweka kwa chikombole cha mphete limachitika. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chikombole cha mphete chikhale chosavuta komanso moyo waufupi wa ntchito yake ndi kapangidwe kosamveka bwino ka chikombole cha mphete (chikombole cha mphete chimaphatikizidwa ndi mabowo a chikombole). Kapangidwe kophatikizidwa ka ziwirizi kamakhala ndi zotsatira zotere: nthawi zina pamene mabowo ochepa okha a chikombole cha mphete atha ntchito ndipo sangathe kugwira ntchito, chikombole cha mphete chonsecho chiyenera kusinthidwa, zomwe sizimangobweretsa mavuto pantchito yosintha, komanso zimayambitsa kuwononga ndalama zambiri ndikuwonjezera ndalama zosamalira.
1.3 Kapangidwe ka Kukonza Kapangidwe ka Kupanga NkhunguKuti muwonjezere nthawi yogwira ntchito ya makina odulira mphete, kuchepetsa kuwonongeka, kusintha mosavuta, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zosamalira, ndikofunikira kupanga kapangidwe katsopano kokonzanso kapangidwe ka makina odulira mphete. Makina odulira omwe adayikidwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, ndipo kapangidwe ka chipinda choponderezedwa bwino kakuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 4. Chithunzi 5 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a makina odulira mphete omwe adakonzedwa bwino.
Kapangidwe kabwino kameneka kamayang'ana kwambiri makina opangira zinthu za mphete okhala ndi mawonekedwe oyenda a active pressure roller ndi fixed ring mold. Chiboliboli chapansi chimakhazikika pa thupi, ndipo ma pressure roll awiri amalumikizidwa ku shaft yayikulu kudzera pa mbale yolumikizira. Chiboliboli chopangira chimayikidwa pa chiboliboli chapansi (pogwiritsa ntchito kulowererapo), ndipo chiboliboli chapamwamba chimakhazikika pa chiboliboli chapansi kudzera m'maboliti ndikumangiriridwa pa chiboliboli chopangira. Nthawi yomweyo, kuti chiboliboli chisabwererenso chifukwa cha mphamvu pambuyo poti chiboliboli chokakamiza chagubuduzika ndikuyenda mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira mozungulira, zomangira zozungulira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza chiboliboli chopangira ku ziboliboli zapamwamba ndi zapansi motsatana. Pofuna kuchepetsa kukana kwa zinthu zomwe zimalowa m'dzenje ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kulowa mu dzenje la chiboliboli. Ngodya yozungulira ya dzenje lodyetsera la chiboliboli chopangira chomwe chapangidwa ndi 60 ° mpaka 120 °.
Kapangidwe kabwino ka nkhungu yopangira zinthu kamakhala ndi mawonekedwe a nthawi yayitali komanso nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito. Makina a tinthu tating'onoting'ono akagwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, kutayika kwa kukangana kumapangitsa kuti dzenje la nkhungu yopangira zinthu likhale lalikulu komanso lopanda mphamvu. Nkhungu yopangira zinthu ikachotsedwa ndikukulitsidwa, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti nkhungu zigwiritsidwenso ntchito ndikusunga ndalama zokonzera ndikusintha.
Pofuna kukulitsa moyo wa ntchito ya granulator ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira, chopukutira cha pressure chimagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha manganese chokhala ndi kaboni wambiri chomwe chimatha kupirira kuwonongeka bwino, monga 65Mn. Chiboliboli chopangira chiyenera kupangidwa ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi alloy carburised kapena low-carbon nickel chromium alloy, monga chokhala ndi Cr, Mn, Ti, ndi zina zotero. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chipinda chopondereza, mphamvu yokangana yomwe imapezeka ndi ziboliboli zapamwamba ndi zapansi pa mphete ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yochepa poyerekeza ndi chiboliboli chopangira. Chifukwa chake, chitsulo wamba cha kaboni, monga 45 chitsulo, chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito chipinda chopondereza. Poyerekeza ndi ziboliboli zachikhalidwe zopangira mphete, zimatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chokwera mtengo cha alloy, motero kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira.
2. Kusanthula kwa makina a nkhungu yopangira makina a mphete ya nkhungu panthawi yogwira ntchito ya nkhungu yopangira.
Panthawi yopangira utomoni, lignin mu chinthucho imafewa kwathunthu chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwakukulu komanso kutentha kwambiri komwe kumapangidwa mu nkhungu yopangira utomoni. Pamene kupanikizika kwa extrusion sikukukwera, chinthucho chimapangidwa ndi pulasitiki. Zinthuzo zimayenda bwino pambuyo pa pulasitiki, kotero kutalika kwake kumatha kukhazikitsidwa ku d. Nkhungu yopangira imaonedwa ngati chotengera chopanikizika, ndipo kupsinjika kwa nkhungu yopangira kumakhala kosavuta.
Kudzera mu kusanthula kwa makina komwe kwatchulidwa pamwambapa, zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti kuti mupeze kupanikizika nthawi iliyonse mkati mwa nkhungu yopangira, ndikofunikira kudziwa kupsinjika kozungulira pamalopo mkati mwa nkhungu yopangira. Kenako, mphamvu yokangana ndi kupsinjika pamalopo zitha kuwerengedwa.
3. Mapeto
Nkhaniyi ikupereka njira yatsopano yokonzanso kapangidwe kake ka nkhungu yopangira mphete ya pelletizer ya nkhungu. Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zopangira mkati kungathandize kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa nkhungu, kukulitsa nthawi ya nkhungu, kuthandiza kusintha ndi kukonza, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira. Nthawi yomweyo, kusanthula kwamakina kunachitika pa nkhungu yopangira mkati panthawi yogwira ntchito, zomwe zinapereka maziko a kafukufuku wowonjezera mtsogolo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-22-2024